Breathing from the Diaphragm

Singing and speaking from the diaphragm is so easy that a baby can do it.  Then why do so many voice students spend thousands of dollars and many hours on lessons trying to learn how to do it and many, despite years of practice still never fully learn the skill?

Let's first look at a few reasons why we lose this skill.  When babies are born, they instinctively breath from the diaphragm because it is the most efficient way to breath and it is natural. That is why you can hear a baby babble across a crowded church yet can barely hear some members of the adult choir from ten feet away.

What is the first thing a parent will say to a child who is making loud noises?  Shhhhh . . . quiet . . . shut up. Infants and toddlers quickly learn that being heard is wrong so they stifle the natural process of breath support in an effort not to be heard. Likewise, teens and adults who are insecure, self conscious and don't want to stand out suppress the natural mechanics of support so they are less noticed.  This also causes people to slouch, bring their shoulders together, bend their neck or close their throat.  Another reason is that proper breathing comes from the belly region and nobody wants to make their belly look bigger.  Fear of what other people think of us is very stifling to creativity.

Finally, gravity pulls down on the body and people instinctively think that raising the shoulders is how we breath because that is what they think it feels like to breath.  Breathing doesn't come from the shoulders or lungs.

Let's first look at our anatomy.  The lungs are beneath our ribs and right beneath the lungs, still under the ribs, is a parachute shaped sheet of muscle called the diaphragm.  When we breath, we pull down on the diaphragm muscle which creates a vacuum in the lungs and air simply falls down or is sucked into the lungs.  Our chest and lungs are not necessarily directly involved in that process.  There is no need to raise the shoulders although, maintaining an expanded chest allows more air to fill the lungs.  Bigger expanded lungs means more space for more air intake.  Every good soldier knows to "STICK OUT YOUR CHEST.  SUCK IN THAT GUT!"

When you exhale you push the diaphragm muscle upward and it pushes the air out of the lungs.  If you only breath from the upper chest and shoulders you will only use half the air in your lungs causing you to run out of breath or have other issues with your vocal production.  If you use the diaphragm, you will use all the air in all of your lungs.

Expanding the chest and only breathing partially through the diaphragm is also the secret to the dead man float.  The lungs are like balloons and if you expand and fill up the upper lungs with air, then only breath through the lower lungs, you'll float without effort. 

Let's do a few exercises to show you how effortless, natural and efficient breathing from the diaphragm can be.

Let's start by lying on the floor.  Bend your knees if you like.  Breath naturally.  Feel that your breathing comes from the stomach area.  That's it.  Simple.  Now let's try a few things with your voice.  Cough.  Notice from where it emanated from.  Pretend you are a fire engine making siren sounds and get louder and higher each time you sound the siren.  Yell "HEY" like you just caught someone stealing.  Yell "Bad" as if your dog just messed on the floor.  Yell "GIT" to a cat in your trash.  Call for help three times with increasing volume as if no one can hear you.  Say "BOO" like you are jumping out from behind a door to scare someone.  Now, playfully say "Woof!" as if you are a puppy trying to entice its owner to play.  Now get on all fours and pant like a dog.  Where does it all come from?

Do you see how easy and effortless all that was?  The challenge now is to stand up and continue to breath that way after years of training your body to accept ignorance, misuse and abuse as normal.

While you are still on the floor, try not to breath from the stomach and only breath from the upper chest.  After five minutes of breathing properly and effortlessly, can you now feel how wrong it is to breath from the chest and shoulders?  Proper movement always makes improper movement to feel bad, like it really is.

I have included a video link to an example of what it looks like to breath properly.  This clip is taken from the movie ROCK STAR starring Mark Wahlberg or "Marky Mark."  Notice that he takes his breath from his stomach then pushes in or contracts his muscles to expel the air.  If we had cameras from his back and side you'd also see expansion there, too.  There are intercostal muscles between each of the ribs and because of the intensity of what he is singing, he is expanding and contracting those, too.  Also watch the swimming competitions at the summer Olympics and pay close attention when the swimmers get out of the water or do interviews immediately after competitions.  They are  trained to breath from the diaphragm.  Some of them may raise the shoulders but they are at least instructed properly otherwise.  The professional dancers on Dancing With the Stars are well trained in breathing since they are also reprimanded for raising the shoulders.  There are many great examples all around us in our professional athletes.  Musicians need to remember that they too are athletes and can sometimes benefit more by a few lessons from a sports coach than a singing coach.  Singers will also benefit by singing WITH the lost, lonely, homeless, dying and the sick.  Technique is worthless if it is not connected to an emotion.  Too many of our trained singers are also devoid of soul.

I will add that if anyone is suffering from any form of COPD, this type of breathing can prolong their life and also rescue them from a shortness of breath panic attack.  Diaphragmatic breathing also increases oxygen in our blood stream which aids in healing, repair and clear thinking because  oxygen is needed for brain function.

So, new moms, please think twice before saying to you infant "Shhhhh . . . "  At least, if you have to say "Shhhh . . . " do it from the diaphragm.

How To Warm Up A Choir

I am not a fan of "warm ups."  Any athlete or pianist will tell you that isolating a single part of the body to "warm it up" is not effective.  The whole body must be warmed.  A pianist who plays in a warm room will play much better than one who attempts to "warm up" his hands by blowing on them in a cold room or playing an hour of scales.  Warming up is a whole body experience.

Vocal exercises are excellent tools if used for educational or instructional purposes but "warming up" comes from a different place.  A choir director who runs meaningless scales is just wasting everyone's time, especially if there is no educational purpose behind them.

Warming up the voice and the vocal apparatus is much the same as warming up the whole body but with a few additional parameters.  First, many choir rehearsals are held in the evening and the singers have already been walking, talking, breathing, eating and drinking during day.  Most likely, their voice is ready to sing.  However, there are usually a few components missing.

Imagine that a child is about to run out into the street and a car is racing toward him.   In an effort to save his life you would yell "STOP!" or "NOOOO!" or "Billy!"  Did you need to warm up to do that?  The force, confidence and conviction for that vocalization came from your brain because you knew little Billy was about to get smooshed.  It also came from your heart (the emotional one) because you knew little Billy was about to get smooshed.  Your diaphragm naturally rose to the occasion and your soft palate also raised in sympathetic response to the brain and heart in order to convey the message as fully, open and forcibly as possible.

What if your dog were to pee on your new $1,000 carpet?  If you are an owner who believes in negative reinforcement, you might yell "NO!" or "BAD DOG."  Did you need to warm up first?  No, because it came from your brain that the dog was about to soil your new carpet, it came from your angry heart because your dog was about to soil your new carpet and as a result, your diaphragm and soft palate unequivocally made your angry intention known to your pooch. 

A friend has a new born baby and it is sleeping in her arms.  With your best stage whisper you comment on how it is the most beautiful baby you've every seen and you ask to hold him.  You can whisper loudly because your brain knows the baby is sleeping and your heart doesn't want to wake him so your diaphragm and soft palate do what it takes to convey your message with delicacy in hushed, dulcet tones.

You go to a birthday party and everyone sings "Happy Birthday." The whole gathering of well wishers erupt into a rousing and full throated rendition - including two or three part harmony.  Did anyone need to warm up first?  No, because the brain and heart automatically engaged the diaphragm and soft palate with earthy bon ami.

Whether you cough intentionally to get someone's attention, sigh on "arrrgh," in frustration, groan at a bad joke, say "awww" at a cute kitten, jump out at someone and yell "BOO," "Ho-ho-ho" like Santa, or bark like a dog; your diaphragm and soft palate will naturally and fully engaged without warm up because the vocalization comes first from the brain and emotional heart.

All these body parts and mechanisms are already in place and will work on command if we beleive what we are doing, singing or saying.  The first job of any choir director is not to engage the choir in meaningless warmups but to give our text meaning and purpose which should be the primary task of any director. 

I'm not saying that our church choirs don't beleive but, if they need to warm up, something else is missing.  Why can't we automatically sing songs of adoration to God the way we would vocalize the first time we see a loved one who we haven't seen in ten years as they get off an airplane?  Why can't we sing in contrition they way we would if we broke our mother's prized antique vase and bellowed "I'm am SO sorry.  I WILL replace it."  Why can't we sing songs of thanksgiving to God the way we would profusely thank someone who just returned our lost wallet with all the  attendant money intact?  Why can't we sing songs of supplication to God they way someone would beg for a significant other not to leave them?  If the answer is that we need to warm up first, something else is missing. 

Why do so many choir directors have to trick their choirs into engaging their soft palates and diaphragms through the use of warm ups?  The answers can be many and varied.  Maybe we don't beleive in God.  Maybe we don't know how to beleive in God.  Maybe we are afraid to express our belief in public.  Maybe we don't have the conviction to beleive in God.  Maybe we have directors who don't beleive in God.  Maybe we have directors who beleive in music.  Maybe we have directors who are only regurgitating what they've been taught.  Maybe we have directors who just haven't figured it out yet.  Maybe we have directors more concerned with the notes rather than the words.  Maybe we don't know or believe that our music has purpose, meaning and power.  Comprehension does not imply belief and without belief we can't fully activate our bodies.

The solution then, isn't to do warm ups.  It is to network our emotions with our bodies and that takes effort not related to music but - is wholly related to music.  At a job interview once, a member of the search committee, who made sure I knew she was a Juilliard graduate and a soloist in the church, asked me if I did warmups and I spouted to her an abbreviated version of this blog and then I told her that I do lead sung prayer before every rehearsal and she asked, "What does any of this have to do with directing a choir?"  My reply was more advanced than a mere Juilliard grad could understand; I'm not a choir director.  I am a pastoral musician who trains the choir to be music ministers and, that music should not be their ministry but a vehicle to ministry.  Directing a choir has a great deal to do with reversing foreground and background.

First and foremost though is to support what the text and music itself is saying, not to necessarily inflict our own views and emotions on it.  The last thing we need to do is sing and play as if our feelings were being injected into the music.  That happens a lot in church choirs.

Ultimately, the universe has given us everything we need to vocally do what we need to do.  The only thing that stands in our way is ourselves.  I know many music directors will disagree with me and that is okay.  Just remember that no agnostic ever burned anyone at the stake or tortured a pagan, a heretic, or an unbeliever.  If you disagree that fervently, chalk it up to differences of opinion. 

If you'll excuse me, I need to go warm up gravity because I am going jogging and I want to make sure every time I take a step, my foot will return to the ground.